Boy Scouts of America

Aquatics

What does drowning look like?

2020 Articles Edition

Aquatics

What does drowning look like?
2020 Articles Edition

Did you know that the largest percentage of fatal drownings in the United States in kids 19 and younger occur in open water, such as lakes, oceans, and rivers? To get an idea of just how quiet and undramatic from the surface drowning can be, consider this: It is the No. 2 cause of accidental death in children ages 15 and under, just behind vehicle accidents.

Some drownings occur because people do not recognize the signs it is happening. No yelling, no waving. Just a silent gasping for air and 20 to 60 seconds later, submersion. And someone has drowned, maybe in plain sight.

Since the inception of Scouting, learning to swim and engaging in aquatics activities have been core to the program. More than 1.5 million aquatics-related merit badges have been earned by Scouts BSA since 2009. The BSA has also been a leader in promoting and providing training in aquatics safety. For at least 80 years, checklists have been in place to make sure those aquatic experiences are positive ones.

Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat govern BSA swimming and boating activities. These programs help provide leaders, Scouts and parents with the tools they need to be prepared to participate in aquatics activities. These programs are the BSA way to conduct a safe and fun aquatics program.

Be prepared for your aquatics adventures this summer!

See the rest of the articles from the 
2020 Articles edition
See the rest of the articles from the 
2020 Articles edition

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Other Aquatics articles

Aquatics

Industry practices for facility lifeguards require the venue, such as a council camp, confirm and document lifeguard competency specific to that location. Simply checking that a lifeguard has a valid certification is not sufficient to meet current standards of care.  Those expectations are reflected in NCAP standard SQ-406:

C.    Aquatics area staff. The following requirements apply to aquatics area staff:

  1. All aquatics lifeguarding staff are tested for competency by the aquatics director before assuming lifeguarding or instructional duties. The aquatics director shall keep written documentation of staff and the areas and activities for which they are qualified. Staff in training may not work unsupervised until approved in written documentation by the aquatic’s director. The required skill competencies for lifeguarding include:
    1. All lifeguards can reach the bottom at the deepest part of the swimming area.
    2. All lifeguards can reach the furthest extent of their assigned zones within 20 seconds.
    3. All lifeguards can currently perform water rescue skills (possession of a lifeguard training certificate is not enough; each aquatics director must check that they can still perform to standards).
    4. All lifeguards can currently perform BLS and first-aid skills (possession of a card is not enough; each aquatics director must check that they can still perform to standards).
    5. All lifeguards must be trained to execute written emergency action plans specific to local camp swimming areas and activities.
    6. All lifeguards respond to bloodborne pathogen incidents according to the OSHA-mandated exposure control plan.

To meet those requirements, lifeguard assessment and preservice training, at a minimum, should include:

  • Rescue of an active victim, at or near the surface in deep water. This rescue to include victim recognition, emergency action plan (EAP) activation, entry, approach, rescue, and assisting the victim from the water. Each skill must be performed consecutively, not individually.
  • Rescue of a passive victim, at or below the surface in deep water. This rescue to include victim recognition, EAP activation, entry, approach, rescue, victim extraction, and after care, including CPR, following camp procedures. Although not specifically required by SQ-406 C, it is appropriate to record the time from EAP activation to beginning of CPR and repeat the exercise if that time exceeds 90 seconds, as specified in BSA Lifeguard requirements 16 and17. Each lifeguard must be evaluated on both the rescue and the ability to perform CPR. However, the same person need not do both in the same scenario. A team response is preferred. Anyone demonstrating CPR must use proper personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • Scenario based rescues are encouraged, with each lifeguard having to react to the situation rather than everyone doing the same rescue one after the other. If victims are placed at the furthest extent of the largest zones, and submerged at the area’s maximum depth, then SQ-406 standards a. and b. may be assessed at the same time as rescue skills. Otherwise those should be tested individually.
  • Spinal injury management, including in-line stabilization in both shallow and deep water and spinal backboard extraction, is also a critical lifeguard exercise. Since a team approach is needed, it should be part of pre-service training for the entire safety team following procedures in a written EAP.
  • For camps where swimming is conducted in murky water, the safety team must also receive pre-service training in the camp’s written EAP for a lost bather. Ideally, the safety team should recover a submerged dummy, or item of similar size and weight to that of an actual person, placed in an unknown position.
  • The safety team should review the camp’s exposure control plan for blood borne pathogens and practice using both PPE and clean-up materials as specified in that plan.

Lifeguard assessment and preservice training exercises are similar to those conducted as part of a lifeguard training course. The skill sheets in the current American Red Cross Lifeguarding Manual, which is the text for BSA Lifeguard, provide the performance standards. The BSA Lifeguard Instructor Manual, supplemented by the American Red Cross Lifeguarding Instructor’s Manual, provides evaluation guidance. Therefore, lifeguard assessments and preservice training should be conducted by a current BSA Aquatics Instructor, BSA Lifeguard Instructor or American Red Cross Lifeguard Instructor.

The facility lifeguard skill assessment and preservice training differs from a lifeguard training course in that the exercises are conducted at the facility where the lifeguard serves. The exercises involve the facility safety team, facility rescue equipment and follow that venue’s written EAPs.  Therefore, camp lifeguard assessments and preservice training should be conducted at Camp.

Note that SQ-401 C also requires documentation. The camp aquatics director should have a copy of each lifeguard’s training certificate.  Assessments and preservice training exercises should be recorded on a check-off form noting the skill, each

Aquatics

As Scouts we strive to remain active outdoors year round and for many of us that means be out in cool to very cold air and potentially cold water temperatures.  Whether you are hiking along a creek or lake or paddling on the water if accidently fall in cold water your chances for survival are good if you understand how your body responses to cold water and how you can best support yourself until help arrives.

Dr. Gordon Giesbrecht of the University of Manitoba has performed extensive research on cold water exposure and has the following recommendations. 

First, let’s consider water temperatures.  Water temperatures for swimming can be  simply classified as “Pleasant” (68F – 77F); “Ok, once used to it” (59F – 68F); “Brisk, nippy” (50F-59F); “Darn cold” (41F – 50F); and “FREEZING” (32F – 41F, remember).  In “Pleasant” conditions it is fun and easy to with swim without any additional cold protection (like a wet suit).  With “Ok” conditions you will feel a bit cool at first but get used to it. When the water is “Brisk” it will feel very cool when you first get in but with experience you can swim for a while before hypothermia is a serious risk.  At “Darn cold” water temperature it is painful to get in and only short swims of a few minutes can be tolerated before significant risks occur.  And, as you might expect, at “Freezing” it is extremely painful to be in the water and the time in the water should be limited to only a minute or two.  Also, remember, in general, water temperatures do not change as quickly as air temperature during the course of the day and once water gets cold, say due to cold nights, the water is unlikely to warm up much in the day.  So, it could be that if you fall into water during cold seasons, it is possible for the water to be cooler than the air temperature during the day.  Another thing to keep in mind is that fresh water freezes at 32F and salt water at a colder temperature.  So, although salt water may not be frozen the water temperature could actually colder than “freezing” (32F).

Dr. Gordon Giesbrecht of the University of Manitoba has performed extensive research on cold water exposure in humans and has the following recommendation for what to do if you find yourself in cold water.

The 1 Minute; 10 Minute; 1 Hour Principle.

So, let’s explore more about what happens when you accidently immerse yourself in cold water. First, the good news, you can survive a fairly long time in cold water if you DON’T PANIC, stay calm and follow these steps to help yourself. 

Cold Shock Response. In cold water the immediate response of your body is to uncontrollably gasp for air and hyperventilate (think about the time when your big brother doused you with a bucket of ice water).  So, first, DON’T PANIC and keep your head above the water.  This this is critical because you can easily inhale (aspirate) water into your lungs which is extremely dangerous.  Keep reminding yourself to stay calm, keep your head above water and control your breathing. Adjust your breathing so that it is steady and evenly paced.  Once you have steadied your breathing and you have relaxed as best you can you can then consider what actions to take next.

After 1 minute in very cold water Cold Incapacitation begins to impact your body functions.  This is due to the effect of cold water on your nerves and muscles.   It becomes painful to move your muscles and your ability to control your muscles becomes increasing worse. This hampers your body’s ability to move or hold on to things.  Over the next 10 to 20 minutes under these conditions the symptoms will continue to a point where the use of your limbs is basically useless.  Therefore, you must quickly plan on what to do and then carry out your plan prior to complete loss of useful muscle function.  The primary goal now is to quickly (within 10 minutes or so) get as much of your body out of the water as possible.  If you were in a boat, Don’t Panic, control your breathing and get to the boat and try to get in or crawl on top of an overturned boat.  If you fell into a lake or river from the bank or a bridge, the same applies, Don’t Panic, control your breathing and find something to climb on or find a spot to get out of water within 10 minutes.

 The longer you are in the water the greater risk of developing hypothermia.  If you cannot self-rescue by getting your body out of the water you then must begin to prepare for the possibility of hypothermia. Hypothermia, is the decrease of your body’s core temperature.  Many factors contribute to hypothermia and how fast it can happen.  This includes the water temperature, how much of the body in immersed in the water and your own body’s size and condition.  In cold water (water below 68F), most people will become hypothermic in 1 – 2 hours. So, if you haven’t been able to get yourself out of the water you need to think back to your Scout aquatics training (Swimming merit badge) to the H.E.L.P. position in cold water (Heat, Escape, Lessening, Position).  That can make a big difference in slowing down the onset of hypothermia.  This can only be effectively done if you have your lifejacket on so that’s another great reason to always wear your lifejacket when in a boat!  If you are with one or more buddies the best thing to do is to get into a HUDDLE position where you crowd together to conserve body heat.   This action also slows the onset of hypothermia. 

Once you become hypothermic you will eventually lose consciousness.  At that point you have around another hour or so until you may experience cardiac arrest.  In all cases, when out on a hike or on the water you should always be certain your leaders must know where you are and when you are expected back.  If you are late returning, they should begin to search for you to provide help.

So, remember, if you find yourself accidently immersed in cold water remember the 1 minute, 10 minute and 1 hour principle and: 1) Don’t Panic; 2) Keep you head above the water and try to control your breathing; 3) Make a plan for getting as much of your body as of the water as quickly as possible; 4) If you cannot get out of the water within 10 or so minutes assume the HELP position or if with buddies, then Huddle-UP to delay the onset of hypothermia.  Always wear your lifejacket when in a boat and also always be sure your leaders know your plans when going on a hike or boating so if you are late returning, they can find you and give your help.

Aquatics

As we look toward the warmer months, it’s time to gear up for a splash of excitement and safety awareness. May is National Water Safety Month, and as proud members of the Scouting community, it’s our responsibility to champion safety while embracing aquatic adventures. From thrilling campouts to refreshing swims, let’s make a splash in promoting water safety across all units and camps. 

  1. Understanding Safe Swim Defense: A Fundamental Principle

Safe Swim Defense is the key to unlocking a world of aquatic exploration without compromising safety. Safe Swim Defense helps reinforce the importance of the buddy system, qualified supervision, and appropriate swim ability and more. Each of us should familiarize ourselves with the Safe Swim Defense guidelines and ensure that all aquatic activities adhere to these fundamental principles. Reminder you must take Safe Swim Defense every two years and it can be done online or even from your mobile device! Camps can also offer in-person Safe Swim Defense courses and your local Scout Executive has access to the current in-person training materials.  

  1. Safety Afloat: Navigating Waters Responsibly

For those venturing into the realm of boating and watercraft adventures, Safety Afloat guidelines are paramount. Safety Afloat reinforces rigorous training for leaders and participants which ensures a safe and enjoyable experience on the water. Life jackets, weather awareness, skill proficiency and proper supervision are the cornerstones of Safety Afloat. Remember you must take Safety Afloat every two years and it can be done online or even from your mobile device! Camps can also offer in-person Safety Afloat courses and your local Scout Executive has access to the current in-person training materials. 

  1. Dive into Awareness: 7 Ideas to Promote National Water Safety Month
    • Training for BSA Swimming & Water Rescue provides BSA leaders with information and skills to prevent, recognize, and respond to swimming emergencies during unit swimming activities. It expands the awareness instruction provided by Safe Swim Defense training.   
    • BSA Paddle Craft Safety expands Safety Afloat training to include the skills and knowledge needed for a unit leader to confidently supervise canoeing or kayaking excursions on flat water with additional modules for moving water.  
  • Organize a Swim Classification Test Event: Get prepared for your Scouting water-based adventure by offering a swim classification test event. Details about the swim classification test can be found in Aquatics Supervision.    
  • Community Outreach: Partner with local organizations to spread awareness about water safety. Offer free swim tests or demonstrations to the community, emphasizing the importance of learning to swim.  
  • Safety Poster Contest: Host a poster contest focused on water safety. Engage Scouts in creating eye-catching posters that highlight the key principles of Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat.  
  • Boating Adventure Day: Arrange a day dedicated to boating adventures, incorporating Safety Afloat guidelines. From kayaks to canoes, let Scouts experience the thrill of watercraft under safe supervision. And don’t forget Friday, May 17th is “Wear Your Life Jacket to Work Day”.   
  • Merit Badge Focus: If your unit or camp has a water-related merit badge program, make May the month to dive into those activities. It’s a perfect way to merge skill-building with safety awareness. You can encourage Scouts coming to camp to sign up for a water related merit badge this summer. 
  • CPR and First Aid Training: Equip leaders and older Scouts with CPR and first aid skills specific to water-related emergencies and host local courses. This additional layer of preparedness can be a lifesaver in critical situations.  

As we celebrate National Water Safety Month this May, let’s champion a culture of safety that ensures every Scout can dive into aquatic adventures with confidence. By embracing Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat, we not only safeguard our Scouts but also nurture a love for water activities that will last a lifetime. Let the waves of safety awareness ripple through our units and camps, creating a sea of knowledge that keeps everyone afloat. Happy Water Safety Month, Scouts!  

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Bray Barnes

Director, Global Security Innovative
Strategies

Bray Barnes is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, Silver
Beaver, Silver Antelope, Silver Buffalo, and Learning for Life Distinguished
Service Award. He received the Messengers of Peace Hero award from
the royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and he’s a life member of
the 101st Airborne Association and Vietnam Veterans Association. Barnes
serves as a senior fellow for the Global Federation of Competitiveness
Councils, a nonpartisan network of corporate CEOs, university presidents, and
national laboratory directors. He has also served as a senior executive for the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, leading the first-responder program
and has two U.S. presidential appointments

David Alexander

Managing Member Calje

David Alexander is a Baden-Powell Fellow, Summit Bechtel Reserve philanthropist, and recipient of the Silver Buffalo and Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. He is the founder of Caljet, one of the largest independent motor fuels terminals in the U.S. He has served the Arizona Petroleum Marketers Association, Teen Lifeline, and American Heart Association. A triathlete who has completed hundreds of races, Alexander has also mentored the women’s triathlon team at Arizona State University.

Glenn Adams

President, CEO & Managing Director
Stonetex Oil Corp.

Glenn Adams is a recipient of the Silver Beaver, Silver Antelope, Silver Buffalo, and Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. He is the former president of the National Eagle Scout Association and established the Glenn A. and Melinda W. Adams National Eagle Scout Service Project of the Year Award. He has more than 40 years of experience in the oil, gas, and energy fields, including serving as a president, owner, and CEO. Adams has also received multiple service awards from the Texas Alliance of Energy Producers.